监控摄像技术在DEM中实现林火定位的分析及应用

提供一种基于监控摄像头定位火点位置的可行方案。根据监控系统实时回传的摄像头当前俯仰角和方位角,利用已知的三个参数:摄像头所在位置坐标、高程、塔高,结合数字高程模型(DEM),可获得一个由监控摄像头发出的射线与DEM曲面的交点,可视为是火点位置。     

基于星站差分GPS及DEM的林区SPOT5数据正射校正

通过星站差分GPS采集高精度的地面控制点(GCP),结合林区1∶1万DEM数据和SPOT5物理模型对SPOT5数据进行正射校正。结果表明,采用该方法校正所有GCP总体中误差为1.337个像元,能够满足林业资源调查规划设计的要求。     

多尺度DEM提取河流比降的对比分析

研究旨在用DEM计算河流比降,分析DEM分辨率与阈值对比降的影响,并提取最佳分辨率与最佳阈值。以延河流域的ASTER GDEM和SRTM3 DEM为原始数据源,利用Arc GIS分别提取60、150、200、300 m分辨率下延河流域的主河道,并据此计算流域平均比降。结果表明:延河的平均比降为3.39‰;DEM分辨率与汇流阈值对比降影响较大,当DEM分辨率小于150 m时,比降随阈值增大而减少;DEM分辨率大于150 m,比降逐步增大。延河流域河流比降分析的DEM分辨率不宜超过150 m,其中DEM分辨率为90 m时,计算的比降结果较为符合延河流域实际情况;DEM分辨率为30、60、90、150、200、300 m时,计算比降的最佳阈值分别为65000、60000、30000、70000、40000、20000;利用85%的主河道折线段信息,进行比降计算,其结果接近真实值。研究实现了基于DEM的河流比降计算,有助于DEM在水文学等流域的应用。     

Enhancing the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) approach for estimating landscape ET: Validation with the METRIC model

Evapotranspiration (ET) can be derived from satellite data using surface energy balance principles. METRIC (Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration) is one of the most widely used models available in the literature to estimate ET from satellite imagery. The Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) model is much easier and less expensive to implement. The main purpose of this research was to present an enhanced version of the Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) model and to evaluate its performance using the established METRIC model. In this study, SSEB and METRIC ET fractions were compared using 7 Landsat images acquired for south central Idaho during the 2003 growing season. The enhanced SSEB model compared well with the METRIC model output exhibiting an r² improvement from 0.83 to 0.90 in less complex topography (elevation less than 2000 m) and with an improvement of r² from 0.27 to 0.38 in more complex (mountain) areas with elevation greater than 2000 m. Independent evaluation showed that both models exhibited higher variation in complex topographic regions, although more with SSEB than with METRIC. The higher ET fraction variation in the complex mountainous regions highlighted the difficulty of capturing the radiation and heat transfer physics on steep slopes having variable aspect with the simple index model, and the need to conduct more research. However, the temporal consistency of the results suggests that the SSEB model can be used on a wide range of elevation (more successfully up 2000 m) to detect anomalies in space and time for water resources management and monitoring such as for drought early warning systems in data scarce regions. SSEB has a potential for operational agro-hydrologic applications to estimate ET with inputs of surface temperature, NDVI, DEM and reference ET.     

TOPMODEL在水阳江流域的应用及模型对DEM昀敏感性检验

将TOPMODEL模型应用到安徽水阳江流域，检验其在湿润地区的径流模拟能力，得到了较好的模拟结果。同时，利用安徽水阳江流域不同分辨率的DEM数据，进行了DEM分辨率对TOPMODEL模型的模拟结果的敏感性实验分析，结果袁明，随着流域DEM数据分辨率的降低，模型的确定性系数也随之降低，模型对流域的DEM数据是敏感的。     

基于GIS的三江平原挠力河流域分析

在GIS环境下采用美国ESRI提供的水文模块,利用美国联邦地质调查局(USGS)提供的SRTM 90m DEM原始数据.以三江平原挠力河流域为例,进行了相关的流域分析,包括水流方向模拟、河网提取、流域界线划定及子流域划分等多项内容,为三江平原挠力河流域研究提供了基础的数据平台.     

基于GS和DEM的九龙江流域地表水

运用GIS软件ARC/INFO、ArcView，以九龙江流域为例，探讨了数字高程模型（DEM）的处理及其水文模拟分析。对九龙江流域分幅数字高程模型（DEM）进行图幅拼接、网格重分及切割等处理分析，生成九龙江流域数字高程模型。基于DEM和GIS，进行流域的水文模拟分析，包括洼地填充、水流方向计算、水流累积量计算、水网提取，最后进行了九龙江全流域及子流域界线的划分，生成了数字流域。     

Surface area processing in GIS for different mountain regions

Surface area is a fundamental parameter derived from terrain analysis in geographical information systems (GIS) for modeling the real world. Therefore, an evaluation of the techniques implemented by GIS models is important in order to obtain reliable area measurements. The study compares two raster-based methods with a TIN-based (triangulated irregular network) method for surface area approximation using a digital elevation model (DEM) with 25 m × 25 m resolution in six mountain regions of Shandong Province, China. Raster-based method Ⅰ calculates surface-area grids from DEMs directly. Eight 3-dimensional triangles connecting the center point of each cell with the center points of the eight surrounding cells are generated and then the areas of the portions of each triangle that lay within the cell boundary are calculated and summed. Raster-based method Ⅱ produces the surface area of each cell directly from the pixel size and the slope value for the pixel. The results demonstrate that the surface areas calculated by raster-based method Ⅰ are equal to those of the TIN-based method. The results of raster-based method Ⅱ are the lowest but the difference in areas between the two raster-based methods decreases with the decrease in terrain complexity. Compared to the method with TINs, raster-based method Ⅱ can do better because it has some advantages, such as neighborhood analysis, more consistent output and faster processing speed. The results also demonstrate that the difference between surface and horizontal areas should be considered if more than 30% of the area of a region has slopes steeper than 18.2 degrees.     

微地形DEM的最佳点云密度选取

[目的]通过对微地形DEM的最佳点云密度进行分析研究,从中选取出最佳点云密度,以实现高效、快速获取地表微地形观测结果的目的,既可降低计算成本,又能够保证观测精度。[方法]通过对多个扫描测次的点云数据进行深入的研究,确定出针对该数据最佳DEM水平分辨率为4mm,对原数据进行7种等级的压缩生成对应的DEM。采用平均误差、中误差、标准差3种最常见的DEM精度指标对生成的DEM进行精度评价分析。[结果](1)在点云压缩程度15%时,随着点云密度的减小,平均误差基本没有变化,维持在极低的数值上;点云压缩程度15%时,平均误差随着点云密度的减小而迅速的增大。(2)在点云压缩程度10%时,随着点云密度的减小,标准差基本没有变化;点云压缩程度10%时,标准差随着点云密度的减小而迅速增大。(3)在点云压缩程度20%时,随着点云密度的减小,中误差基本没有变化,维持在极低的数值上;点云压缩程度20%时,中误差随着点云密度的减小而迅速的增大。[结论]对比验证分析结果表明,20%的点云压缩密度为生成微地形DEM最佳的点云密度。     

DEM提取坡度产生的边缘效应分析

由DEM提取地形因子时一般采取3×3窗口分析运算,导致得到的地形因子矩阵在边缘上存在明显边缘误差。以黄土高原不同地貌类型区坡度的提取为例,研究基于1∶10 000和1∶50 000比例尺DEM提取坡度时所产生的边缘效应,分析了边缘效应与DEM分辨率、区域面积及区域地貌特征之间的关系,提出了解决或改善边缘效应的方法。用2个指标量化了边缘效应:一是平均坡度的变化值;二是边缘部分坡度提取的中误差。试验结果显示:平均坡度的变化值与DEM分辨率、区域面积及区域地貌特征之间有较明显的相关关系,即分辨率越高、区域面积越大,地面起伏越小,则边缘效应对整个区域平均坡度的影响就越小;而边缘部分坡度提取的中误差与区域面积没有明显的稳定相关关系,但与DEM分辨率和区域地貌特征之间存在较明显相关关系,即分辨率越高,地面起伏越大,则边缘上坡度提取的中误差越大。